From an ecological point of view, the strategy to move travellers from airplanes to high speed trains just doesn't make sense.
Trains are considered to be much more environmentally friendly than aircrafts. Unfortunately, they lose their ecological advantage when speed goes up. And train companies seem to be obsessed by speed. Last week, the French high speed train (TGV) officially broke the 515 km/h speed record of 1990. An adapted high speed train of Alstom reached a speed of more than 574 kilometres an hour on the line Paris - Strasbourg (the video is on the internet). It used 19,600 kilowatts of electricity, this is equivalent to the energy consumption of a large office building. In a statement to the press, president Chirac praised the train as "friendly for the environment".
Picture: Hochgeschwindigkeitszuege
"A lower capacity of the railway line is another consequence of high speed. When velocity increases, so does the braking distance"
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Commercial speeds on European and Japanes high speed lines went up from less than 250 kilometres an hour during the nineties, to more than 300 kilometres an hour today. The trains that are now being built can do 350 to 400 kilometers an hour. Unfortunately, the energy consumption of a train increases exponentially with its velocity. The reason is that air resistance increases with the square of the speed. According to a study from Lancaster University, trains lose their environmental advantages compared to planes at a speed of 300 to 400 kilometres an hour.
A lower capacity of the railway line is another consequence of high speed. When velocity increases, so does the braking distance, so trains have to keep more distance.
According to the Lancaster study, the capacity of a railway line is at its highest at a speed of 100 kilometres an hour, when every 60 minutes 50 trains can pass. With a velocity of 350 kilometres an hour, only 25 trains can pass. More energy is used to move less people, all we gain is speed. But airplanes are and always will be even faster.
Moreover, according to the same analysis, the environmental score of the high speeds trains now in operation (considering a speed of 225 to 250 kilometres an hour) is also not a tremendous success. A modern diesel automobile with two passengers on board emits the same amount of greenhouse gases per passenger than a train does. With more passengers on board, the car scores remarkably better than the train. Picture: Hochgeschwindigkeitszuege
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"If a train is driven by electricity made by coal plants, the environmental score will be significantly worse than that of a modern plane."
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------There There is another factor that makes the ecological record of the train worse than it seems. Eurostar, the company that provides high speed connections between the United Kingdom and the European mainland, claims on its website that a high speed train emits ten times less CO2 than a plane. However, this calculation does not take into account the resources needed to construct and maintain new railways. The construction of hundreds of kilometers of beds, rails, cross beams and overhead lines does not only eats money, but also thousands of tons of steel, copper, concrete, sand and gravel.
All these things have to be produced or exploited, and then transported. In the case of airplanes, airports are the only infrastructure that is needed. Planes don't need roads or rails, which also means that no green zones or houses have to disappear to make connections between cities. All this does not make airplanes an environmentally friendly means of transport - far from it. However, the European strategy to get travellers off of planes and into high speed trains, because of ecological considerations, does not make sense either.
Calculating the environmental score of different means of transport is a precarious matter. Two factors play a decisive role: on the one hand the occupancy, on the other hand the precise model of plane, train or car. Both factors tilt the scales so much that it is easy to fit them to the conclusions you prefer to draw. In the case of electric trains, and therefore also high speed trains, there is another element: the way in which the electricity is produced. (Illustration : Popular Mechanics cover gallery)
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"Is the electricity produced by windmills or solar panels, then you can say that a train is as green as a bike - whatever its speed"
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If a train is driven by electricity made by coal plants, the environmental score will be significantly worse than that of a modern plane. Is the electricity produced by windmills or solar panels, then you can say that a train is almost as green as a bicycle - whatever its speed. And if it drives on nuclear electricity, well, opinions differ. (Picture: a high speed steam train from the thirties)
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Electric trains get more environmentally friendly as our electricity production gets more durable, an advantage that planes and cars don't have. To make cars and aircraft greener, we have to redesign them completely. Now that Europe started building high speed networks, it should consider them as a stimulus to make its electricity production greener.
If it fails to do so, the continent will be saddled with an expensive network of trains that is as damaging to the environment as planes are; unless their speed is limited to 150 kilometres an hour. At that velocity, thanks to their better aerodynamics, they are more economical than traditional trains.
© Kris De Decker (edited by Vincent Grosjean)
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Page 2 : power outage of high speed trains, compared to other modes of transport.
Page 3 : trains for the rich, planes for the poor (see also: Only idiots travel by train).
Page 4 : all technical information on high speed trains, pictures of every model, practical information on train travel, maps of high speed networks in Europe, and transport statistics.
Update June 2009: Environmental assessment of passenger transportation should include infrastructure and supply chains (PDF).
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