Sailing at the touch of a button

Lloyd Alter at Treehugger talks about our article on cargo ships and wonders if it is time for a new age of sail. One reader comments that sailing boats require a much larger crew than today's cargo vessels, which would make a comeback of wind power unrealistic. Maybe, but these days, sailing boats can also be controlled by computers instead of sailors.

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If you want a revival of sail the ecotech way, you can have it.

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The need for a large crew to operate the rigs makes sailing ships not only expensive to operate, it also means that a significant part of the cargo space is taken up by cabins, provisions and water supplies. Sailings boats did better than rowing boats (which had a very limited range because of their even larger crew) but they were no competition for later steamboats and today's diesel ships, which can get along with only a handful of sailors.

Automated sail handling

The 1902 Preussen (pictured here yesterday) was the first ship to automate sail handling. It had no auxiliary engines for propulsion, but it made use of steam power for the operation of the winches, hoists and pumps. This limited the crew to 48 men. By comparison: the Kruzenshtern (picture above) a very large sailing vessel without mechanised control, has a crew of 257 men. 

The Preussen had 5 masts (with a maximum height of 68 meters) and 47 sails (with a total surface area of 5,560 square meters or 60,000 square feet). It had a length of 147 meters (438 ft.) and a load-carrying capacity of 8,000 tons.

Today, sailing boats can be operated with even smaller crews. The Royal Clipper, a steel-hulled five masted cruise ship built in 2000 and inspired by the Pruessen (it is only slightly smaller), can be handled with a crew as small as 20, using powered controls. The Royal Clipper (picture below) is the largest sailing ship in service today (although it does have auxiliary engines).

In 2006, automated control was taken to the extreme with the Maltese Falcon, the yacht of Silicon Valley venture capitalist Tom Perkins. The 88 meter (290 foot) long luxury yacht can be operated by one man using a central control unit. A small crew is required for maintenance and fixing problems, but nobody needs to be in the rig during sailing. 

Touch of a button

Handling, hoisting and lowering of the sails is done at the touch of a button - the sails roll into the mast. The Maltese Falcon (pictured below) has 3 masts (58 meters high) and a total sail area of 2,400 square meters (almost 26,000 square feet). It is about half the size of the Preussen.

The Maltese Falcon is equipped with the DynaRig technology, a concept that was developed in Germany by W. Prolls in the 1960s as a propulsion alternative for commercial ships in the face of a looming energy crisis. It was never applied then - the Maltese Falcon is the first proof-of-concept. Now some smaller versions have been designed, too.

High-tech materials

The DynaRig is a high-tech version of a "square-rigger", the kind of sail used by the Preussen. The main difference is that the yards (the horizontal spars) do not swing around a fixed mast but are attached permanently to a rotating mast. Only recent developments in high-tech materials such as carbon fibre have permitted this technology. The yards keep the sail in a fixed, wing-like form.

Contrary to a traditional sailboat, the rig of the Maltese Falcon scarcely shows any ropes or wires. But it does have dozens of computers and microprocessors, connected by 131,000 feet of cable. The Preussen is low-tech, the Maltese Falcon is ecotech.

Making money

The Maltese Falcon is a sumptuous yacht that is hard to qualify as environmentally friendly. Still, it demonstrates the effectiveness of powering very large boats with a modern sail, capable of being handled by the small crew necessary for a commercial cargo ship to have a chance of being profitable.

I prefer the low-tech way; higher taxes on fuel, lower taxes on labour. But if you want a revival of sail the ecotech way, you can have it.

Kris De Decker (edited by Vincent Grosjean)

Above: the Portuguese Sagres III.

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Related :

• Wind powered factories : the history (and future?) of industrial windmills.
• Cargo ships, then and now : which one is fastest?
• The revival of the sailing ship : kitesurfing for cargo vessels.
• Ocean liners : from London to New York in 3 days and 12 hours.
• Trolleytrucks and trolleybuses : get wired (again).
• The Kalakala : the art of slow travel.
• The Ictíneo : a steam powered submarine.
• Trolley canal boats : wired shipping.
• The Aeromodeller II : camping in the clouds.
• The Hennepin Crawler : macho pedal power.
• Ropes & knots
• Sailrockets & kiteboats.
• Water powered cable trains : zero emissions.

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Comments

[Cabrinha kiteboards]

(8)

Awesome stuff, thanks a million times for sharing these pictures, you have really made my day my friend!

Chris

[kdd]

(7)

More comments at Slashdot:

http://tech.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=09/04/14/1319203

[Klaus]

(6)

Cool, you corrected the misspelling, thanks! You even did this on the link.

Mind you, you *did* misspell your answer - it should be "Vielen Dank" :-D

PS: I lived on a sailing ship for 5 years. A ship leaning to one side is not particularly dangerous for its cargo - you can tie it down. Sails are also both easier to handle and assist in keeping the ship steady; it doesn't roll as much which, I'm sure, is also safer for the cargo.

[Mehul Kamdar]

(5)

There is a possibility of using sailships to ship valuable cargo - designer clothing, perfumes, beverages etc - instead of loading these into containers and making a profit without worrying about the politically suicidal steps that raising taxes on fuel would be. And in an age where carbon credits can be sold, sailship companies could use these as an additional way of bolstering their bottomlines.

I wonder how fast a modern tea clipper couls go and what tonnage of cargo it could carry with modern materials and controls of the kind used on the modern sailships listed here? Perhaps, this is a design challenge that a talented yacht designer needs to look at.

[Djima Habre]

(4)

Large sails take away too much space.
They make the ship to lean on one side, which is too dangerous for the cargo.

Kites are a much better alternative, since they can capture a much stronger wind and do not need any space or a mast.

Anyway compact sails could be used for assistance.

[Lighthouse]

(3)

"I prefer the low-tech way; higher taxes on fuel, lower taxes on labour."

Gee, if we've reached peak oil already, one would think that market forces would be enough to encourage alternate methods. Only a fool welcomes the taxation that takes wealth out of the economy where it can be employed to create even greater wealth.

[kdd]

(2)

Vielen dank. Corrected.

[Klaus]

(1)

It was called 'Preussen' (german for 'Prussia').

Weird. Every time I see german quoted, I see speeling errors. Every time.)